Thotlakonda Buddhist Complex

## History Thotlakonda (also spelled Totlakonda, ancient name: Senagiri) is a significant Buddhist complex belonging to the **Hinayana/Nikaya tradition** of Buddhism. It flourished between approximately **200 BCE and 200 CE**, serving as both a religious and academic center for monks and maritime traders. The site was discovered via an **aerial survey by the Indian Navy** and excavated between **1988-1993** by the Andhra Pradesh State Archaeology Department. ## Archaeological Discoveries The excavations revealed remarkable structures including: - A **Maha-Stupa** (main stupa, restored in 2021) - 16 votive stupas - Chaitya-grihas (apsidal and round prayer halls) - Multiple viharas (monastery cells) - A stone-pillared congregation hall - Rock-cut cisterns for water storage - Paved stone pathways - Dining hall/refectory - Storage buildings (bhandagaras) ### Artifacts Found - **Satavahana lead coins** and **Roman silver coins** indicating extensive trade - Terracotta tiles and pottery - Stucco decorative elements - Buddha footprints (Buddha padas) with Ashtamangala symbols - Inscriptions in Brahmi script ## Significance Located near the historic maritime trade routes, Thotlakonda was an important **trans-oceanic stop** for pilgrims and traders. Its position at 83.3° E longitude made it a strategic point for Roman trade connections. The complex served multiple purposes beyond religious worship - it was an academic center providing food, clothing, and medicines to monks and travelers. ## Protected Status Thotlakonda is a **protected monument** under the Andhra Pradesh Ancient & Historical Monument and Archaeological Sites & Remains Act, 1960. The protected core area covers approximately 120 acres including the hilltop and ruins.